Social and occupational multidimensionality of the determinants of health in the face of Sars-CoV-2 / Polidimensionalidad social y laboral de los determinantes de la salud ante el Sars-CoV-2

Tras el advenimiento de un nuevo patógeno denominado Sars-CoV-2, los esfuerzos iniciales centraron su atención en la contención del virus a fin de disminuir su transmisibilidad, contrarrestando los efectos patológicos, disminuyendo el impacto psicosocial. Al ser un peligro emergente de alcance global, que afectó todos los estratos y entornos de la sociedad, pueden existir determinantes polidimensionales emergentes, en lo social y laboral, que aún pueden ser desconocidas, las cuales pueden repercutir en la esperanza de vida de una población. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática y posterior caracterización de las polidimensiones sociales y laborales que emergieron de forma directa o indirecta a consecuencia del Sars-CoV-2, y a la declaración de pandemia Covid-19, la cual impuso el aislamiento generalizado de la población mundial, como primera barrera de contención para evitar el contagio masivo, e indujo profundas transformaciones en todos los ámbitos y determinantes de la salud del ser humano. La dimensión social, conformada por los factores modo de vida, circunstancias materiales y relaciones humanas, presentó múltiples desafíos y cambios para adaptarse a las nuevas circunstancias de la vida en pandemia. De igual manera, la dimensión laboral, ampliamente afectada por la desestabilización de los mercados y la crisis económica circundante, tuvo que modificar sensiblemente cada uno de sus factores constituyente para sobrellevar el efecto del confinamiento generalizado, afectando la productividad de las organizaciones, los riesgos de transmisibilidad del virus, las alteraciones en los social, familiar, personal y de salud y las múltiples interacciones con sus factores determinantes(AU)

After the advent of a new pathogen called Sars-CoV-2, the initial efforts focused on containing the virus in order to reduce its transmissibility, counteracting the pathological effects, and reducing the psychosocial impact. Being an emerging danger of global scope, which affected all strata and environments of society, there may be emerging multidimensional determinants, in the social and labor spheres, which may still be unknown, and may affect the life expectancy of a population.A systematic search and subsequent characterization of the social and labor polydimensions that emerged directly or indirectly as a result of Sars-CoV-2, and the declaration of the Covid-19 pandemic, which imposed the generalized isolation of the world population, was carried out as the first containment barrier to prevent massive contagion, and induced profound transformations in all areas and determinants of human health. The social dimension, made up of lifestyle factors, material circumstances, and human relationships, presented multiple challenges and changes to adapt to the new circumstances of life in a pandemic. Similarly, the labor dimension, widely affected by the destabilization of the markets and the surrounding economic crisis, had to significantly modify each of its constituent factors to withstand the effect of generalized confinement, affecting the productivity of organizations, the risks of transmissibility of the virus, alterations in social, family, personal and health conditions and the multiple interactions with its determining factors(AU)

The socio-economic effects of covid-19 / Os efeitos socioeconômicos da covid-19

Abstract The covid-19 epidemic has spread rapidly all around the world since December 8, 2019, from China, the world's largest exporter of goods. The outbreak quickly spread throughout the countries, affecting the health sector, and causing economic, environmental, and social challenges. Therefore, the article discusses the impacts of covid-19, to provide a better understanding to the public and the researchers regarding its impact on the society, education, communication, and economy of infected countries. The study followed a qualitative case study approach, including literature review and document analysis. The review was done on a wide range of data sources including journal articles, books, government documents, newspaper articles, and policy reports. The covid-19 is rigorously disrupting the global economy and almost all countries are trying to slow down the spread of the disease by increasing the testing, facilitating treatments of infected patients, quarantining suspected cases via contact networks, implementing social distancing by restricting large gatherings, maintaining countrywide or partial lock down, and etc. However, these aspects are highly challenging to the maintenance of the society's daily life and addressing difficulties raised by the public to implement correct strategies to face the pandemic situations globally is necessary.

Resumo A epidemia de covid-19 espalhou-se rapidamente por todo o mundo desde 8 de dezembro de 2019, a partir de China, o maior exportador mundial de comodities. O surto espalhou-se rapidamente pelos países, afetando o setor de saúde e resultando em desafios econômicos, ambientais e sociais. Dessa forma, o artigo discute os impactos da covid-19, para fornecer ao público e aos pesquisadores um melhor entendimento dos seus impactos na sociedade, na educação, na comunicação e na economia dos países infectados. O estudo seguiu uma abordagem de estudo de caso qualitativo, incluindo revisão de literatura e análise documental. A revisão foi realizada a partir de uma larga gama de fontes de dados incluindo artigos de revistas, livros, documentos governamentais, artigos de jornal e relatórios de políticas. A covid-19 está rigorosamente impactando a economia e quase todos os países estão tentando diminuir o avanço da doença aumentando a quantidade de testes, facilitando o tratamento de pessoas infectadas, quarentemando casos suspeitos pela rede de contatos, implementando distanciamento social ao restringir grandes aglomerações, mantendo lockdown total ou parcial e etc. Entretanto, esses aspectos causam grandes problemas para a manutenção da vida diária da sociedade e é necessário lidar com as dificuldades levantadas pelo público para implementar estratégias corretas para enfrentar situações de pandemia globalmente.

Mental health concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic as revealed by helpline calls.

Mental health is an important component of public health, especially in times of crisis. However, monitoring public mental health is difficult because data are often patchy and low-frequency1-3. Here we complement established approaches by using data from helplines, which offer a real-time measure of 'revealed' distress and mental health concerns across a range of topics4-9. We collected data on 8 million calls from 19 countries, focusing on the COVID-19 crisis. Call volumes peaked six weeks after the initial outbreak, at 35% above pre-pandemic levels. The increase was driven mainly by fear (including fear of infection), loneliness and, later in the pandemic, concerns about physical health. Relationship issues, economic problems, violence and suicidal ideation, however, were less prevalent than before the pandemic. This pattern was apparent both during the first wave and during subsequent COVID-19 waves. Issues linked directly to the pandemic therefore seem to have replaced rather than exacerbated underlying anxieties. Conditional on infection rates, suicide-related calls increased when containment policies became more stringent and decreased when income support was extended. This implies that financial relief can allay the distress triggered by lockdown measures and illustrates the insights that can be gleaned from the statistical analysis of helpline data.

Взаимодействие с конфессиональными партнерами при чрезвычайных ситуациях в области здравоохранения: временный инструмент внедрения

В настоящем инструменте внедрения представлены практические рекомендации по взаимодействию с конфессиональными партнерами в целях обеспечения готовности к чрезвычайным ситуациям и реагированию на них, предназначенные для органов здравоохранения и других профильных органов управления на национальном и местном уровнях, учреждений ООН, включая ВОЗ на страновом уровне, конфессиональных партнеров и других организаций, заинтересованных в таком взаимодействии.

Living and health conditions of public basic education teachers, economic providers for their families during the Covid-19 pandemic, in Minas Gerais / Condições de vida e saúde de professoras da educação básica pública de Minas Gerais provedoras financeiras de suas famílias durante a pandemia de Covid-19 / Condiciones de vida y salud de los docentes de educación básica pública en Minas Gerais, proveedores económicos de sus familias durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Resumo Este artigo busca analisar diferenças nas condições de vida e saúde das professoras principais provedoras do domicílio em comparação às coprovedoras, durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado em 2020, por meio de formulário on-line enviado aos professores da rede estadual de Minas Gerais. A variável dependente foi ser ou não a principal provedora da família (principal provedora vs. coprovedora) e as independentes foram agrupadas em sociodemográficas, ocupacionais, situação de saúde e comportamentos. Analisaram-se dados somente das mulheres e estimou-se a regressão logística. Entre as 12.817 professoras participantes, 47,2% declararam-se principais provedoras. Dentre elas, observou-se predomínio de mulheres mais velhas, que viviam sem companheiro(a), com filhos(as) e, no geral, apresentavam características que retrataram pior condição socioeconômica, maior acúmulo de trabalho e comportamentos menos saudáveis. Os resultados permitiram identificar desvantagens nas condições de vida e saúde das professoras principais provedoras financeiras de suas famílias em comparação às coprovedoras.

Abstract The objective was to analyze differences in living and health conditions of teachers who are the main providers for their household compared to co-providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 2020, through an online form sent to teachers of public schools in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The dependent variable was whether or not they were their family's main provider (main provider vs. co-provider) and independent variables were grouped into sociodemographic, occupational, health status and behaviors. Only women's data were analyzed and logistic regression was estimated. Among the 12,817 participating female schoolteachers, 47.2% declared to be the main providers. In this subgroup, there was a predominance of older women, who lived without a partner, with children and, in general, these teachers presented worse socioeconomic conditions, greater accumulation of work and less healthy behaviors. The results of the present study allow to identify disadvantages in living and health conditions of female schoolteachers who are the main financial providers of their families compared to co-providers.

Resumen El objetivo fue analizar las diferencias en las condiciones de vida y salud entre las profesoras que son las principales proveedoras del hogar y las coproveedoras, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Estudio transversal realizado en 2020, a través de un formulario en línea enviado a profesoras de escuelas públicas del estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. La variable dependiente fue ser o no la proveedora principal de la familia (proveedora principal versus coproveedora) y las variables independientes se agruparon en sociodemográficas, ocupacionales, sanitarias y conductuales. Solo se analizaron los datos de las mujeres y se estimó una regresión logística. Entre las 12.817 maestras participantes, el 47,2 % se declaró proveedora principal. En este subgrupo predominaron las mujeres mayores, que vivían sin pareja, con hijos y, en general, estas profesoras tenían características que retrataban una peor condición socioeconómica, mayor acumulación de trabajo y conductas menos saludables. Los resultados del presente estudio permiten identificar desventajas en las condiciones de vida y salud de las profesoras de escuela que son las principales proveedoras económicas de sus familias en comparación con las coproveedoras.

Social and occupational multidimensionality of the determinants of health in the face of Sars-CoV-2 / Polidimensionalidad social y laboral de los determinantes de la salud ante el Sars-CoV-2

Tras el advenimiento de un nuevo patógeno denominado Sars-CoV-2, los esfuerzos iniciales centraron su atención en la contención del virus a fin de disminuir su transmisibilidad, contrarrestando los efectos patológicos, disminuyendo el impacto psicosocial. Al ser un peligro emergente de alcance global, que afectó todos los estratos y entornos de la sociedad, pueden existir determinantes polidimensionales emergentes, en lo social y laboral, que aún pueden ser desconocidas, las cuales pueden repercutir en la esperanza de vida de una población. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática y posterior caracterización de las polidimensiones sociales y laborales que emergieron de forma directa o indirecta a consecuencia del Sars-CoV-2, y a la declaración de pandemia Covid-19, la cual impuso el aislamiento generalizado de la población mundial, como primera barrera de contención para evitar el contagio masivo, e indujo profundas transformaciones en todos los ámbitos y determinantes de la salud del ser humano. La dimensión social, conformada por los factores modo de vida, circunstancias materiales y relaciones humanas, presentó múltiples desafíos y cambios para adaptarse a las nuevas circunstancias de la vida en pandemia. De igual manera, la dimensión laboral, ampliamente afectada por la desestabilización de los mercados y la crisis económica circundante, tuvo que modificar sensiblemente cada uno de sus factores constituyente para sobrellevar el efecto del confinamiento generalizado, afectando la productividad de las organizaciones, los riesgos de transmisibilidad del virus, las alteraciones en los social, familiar, personal y de salud y las múltiples interacciones con sus factores determinantes(AU)

After the advent of a new pathogen called Sars-CoV-2, the initial efforts focused on containing the virus in order to reduce its transmissibility, counteracting the pathological effects, and reducing the psychosocial impact. Being an emerging danger of global scope, which affected all strata and environments of society, there may be emerging multidimensional determinants, in the social and labor spheres, which may still be unknown, and may affect the life expectancy of a population.A systematic search and subsequent characterization of the social and labor polydimensions that emerged directly or indirectly as a result of Sars-CoV-2, and the declaration of the Covid-19 pandemic, which imposed the generalized isolation of the world population, was carried out as the first containment barrier to prevent massive contagion, and induced profound transformations in all areas and determinants of human health. The social dimension, made up of lifestyle factors, material circumstances, and human relationships, presented multiple challenges and changes to adapt to the new circumstances of life in a pandemic. Similarly, the labor dimension, widely affected by the destabilization of the markets and the surrounding economic crisis, had to significantly modify each of its constituent factors to withstand the effect of generalized confinement, affecting the productivity of organizations, the risks of transmissibility of the virus, alterations in social, family, personal and health conditions and the multiple interactions with its determining factors(AU)

Physical activity for health, covid-19 and social media: what, where and why? / Atividade física para saúde, covid-19 e mídias sociais: o quê, onde e por quê? / Actividad física para la salud, covid-19 y medios sociales: ¿qué, dónde y por qué?

Resumo Este estudo concentra-se no uso de mídias sociais por professores de Educação Física (EF) para o ensino de atividade física para saúde durante a pandemia de covid-19. Com base na pesquisa apreciativa e utilizando uma metodologia de teoria fundamentada em dados (Grounded Theory), a análise de duas entrevistas e uma tarefa digital permitem apresentar três principais temas: (1) Mídias Sociais como Ferramenta de Ensino; (2) Um Legado Digital Duradouro?, e; (3) Desigualdade do Aprendizado Remoto. Esses temas destacam a urgência em utilizar mídias sociais quando os espaços físicos da EF foram removidos, o reconhecimento de que o ensino poderia ser diferente no futuro e os desafios inerentes aos espaços digitais. Em conclusão: (1) defendemos a efetiva formação inicial e continuada de professores e no uso positivo de tecnologias digitais; (2) sugerimos que atividades on-line futuras incorporadas ao aprendizado, e; (3) exigir aos governos ações para nivelar as desigualdades tecnológicas.

Resumen Este estudio se centra en el uso de los medios sociales por parte de los profesores de Educación Física (EF) para enseñar actividad física para la salud durante la pandemia de covid-19. Con base en la investigación apreciativa y utilizando una metodología teórica fundamentada en datos (Grounded Theory), el análisis de dos entrevistas y una tarea digital permiten presentar tres temas principales: (1) Medios Sociales como Herramienta de Enseñanza, (2) ¿Un Legado Digital Duradero?, y (3) Desigualdad del Aprendizaje Remoto. Estos temas destacan la urgencia de utilizar medios sociales cuando los espacios físicos de la EF fueron suspendidos, el reconocimiento de que la enseñanza podría ser diferente en el futuro y los desafíos inherentes a los espacios digitales. En conclusión, (1) abogamos por la efectiva formación inicial y continua de profesores en el uso positivo de las tecnologías digitales, (2) sugerimos que actividades online futuras sean incorporadas al aprendizaje, y (3) demandar a los gobiernos acciones para nivelar las desigualdades tecnológicas.

Abstract This study focuses on Physical Education (PE) teachers' use of social media to teach physical activity for health during the covid-19 pandemic. Drawing on appreciative inquiry and utilising a grounded theory methodology, analysis of two interviews and a digital task allow us to present three main themes: (1) Social Media as a Teaching Tool, (2) A Lasting Digital Legacy?, and (3) Inequity of Remote Learning. These themes highlight the rush to utilise social media when the physical spaces of PE were removed, the recognition that teaching could be different in the future, and challenges inherent to digital spaces. In concluding we: (1) advocate for effective initial teacher education and ongoing professional development in the positive use of digital technologies, (2) suggest that future online activities incorporate learning, and (3) urge governments to do more in terms of levelling out technological inequalities.

Unravelling the broader complexity of IL-6 involvement in health and disease.

The classification of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a pro-inflammatory cytokine undervalues the biological impact of this cytokine in health and disease. With broad activities affecting the immune system, tissue homeostasis and metabolic processes, IL-6 displays complex biology. The significance of these involvements has become increasingly important in clinical settings where IL-6 is identified as a prominent target for therapy. Here, clinical experience with IL-6 antagonists emphasises the need to understand the context-dependent properties of IL-6 within an inflammatory environment and the anticipated or unexpected consequences of IL-6 blockade. In this review, we will describe the immunobiology of IL-6 and explore the gamut of IL-6 bioactivity affecting the clinical response to biological drugs targeting this cytokine pathway.

Inflammatory memory and tissue adaptation in sickness and in health.

Our body has a remarkable ability to remember its past encounters with allergens, pathogens, wounds and irritants, and to react more quickly to the next experience. This accentuated sensitivity also helps us to cope with new threats. Despite maintaining a state of readiness and broadened resistance to subsequent pathogens, memories can also be maladaptive, leading to chronic inflammatory disorders and cancers. With the ever-increasing emergence of new pathogens, allergens and pollutants in our world, the urgency to unravel the molecular underpinnings of these phenomena has risen to new heights. Here we reflect on how the field of inflammatory memory has evolved, since 2007, when researchers realized that non-specific memory is contained in the nucleus and propagated at the epigenetic level. We review the flurry of recent discoveries revealing that memory is not just a privilege of the immune system but also extends to epithelia of the skin, lung, intestine and pancreas, and to neurons. Although still unfolding, epigenetic memories of inflammation have now been linked to possible brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease, and to an elevated risk of cancer. In this Review, we consider the consequences-good and bad-of these epigenetic memories and their implications for human health and disease.

The relationship between fear of COVID-19, psychological well-being and life satisfaction in nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between fear of COVID-19, psychological well-being, and satisfaction with life in nursing students. METHODS: A descriptive and cross-sectional design was used in this study. The study was carried out at a university Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nursing between May 17 and June 25, 2021. The JASP 0.14.1. Software was used for statistical analysis. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the comparison of three or more groups, Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparisons of two groups, and Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U test was used for post hoc analysis. To determine the risk factors for "The Fear of COVID-19 Scale," linear regression analysis with backward stepwise modeling was used. RESULTS: The mean score of the students was 18.48±6.87 from the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, 38.42±12.60 from the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and 13.12±4.97 from the Satisfaction with Life Scale. According to the results of the regression model established, independent variables explained 12.5% of the dependent variables, but the regression model established was found to be statistically significant. A one-unit increase in the satisfaction with life scale increased the fear of COVID-19 scale score by 0.224 units, and this increase was found statistically significant (p = 0.030) as a result of linear regression analysis used with backward stepwise modeling. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it was found that the students' fear of COVID-19 was below the medium level, their psychological well-being was above the medium level, and that their life satisfaction was below the medium level.

[Nudges and the pandemic: An analysis from economics and behavioural law. SESPAS Report 2022]. / Nudges y la pandemia: un análisis desde la economía y el derecho conductual. Informe SESPAS 2022.

Behavioural economics (a combination of economics and psychology) provides keys to understand decisions made by politicians and citizens along the COVID-19 pandemic through the so-called cognitive biases. These biases can be offset by implementing behavioural interventions named "nudges" in order to promote responsible behaviours in the "new normality". This paper analyses, from a behavioural economics perspective, past, present and future of behavioural aspects surrounding the pandemic. Besides, this paper proposes different ways to formalize nudges according to law, which needs the fulfilment of three minimum requirements, namely: transparency, non-arbitrariness and efficiency. Furthermore, it is also suggested that protocols and contingency plans are set up to face future pandemics, in which both soft (nudge-type) interventions and hard legal regulations play different roles but complementary ones. Nudges can be implemented in a fast and less coercive way, so they are particularly suitable for changing mild misbehaviour, reserving legal sanctions for the more serious ones.

Report of Health Care Provider Recommendation for COVID-19 Vaccination Among Adults, by Recipient COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Attitudes - United States, April-September 2021.

Vaccination is critical to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, and health care providers play an important role in achieving high vaccination coverage (1). To examine the prevalence of report of a provider recommendation for COVID-19 vaccination and its association with COVID-19 vaccination coverage and attitudes, CDC analyzed data among adults aged ≥18 years from the National Immunization Survey-Adult COVID Module (NIS-ACM), a nationally representative cellular telephone survey. Prevalence of report of a provider recommendation for COVID-19 vaccination among adults increased from 34.6%, during April 22-May 29, to 40.5%, during August 29-September 25, 2021. Adults who reported a provider recommendation for COVID-19 vaccination were more likely to have received ≥1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine (77.6%) than were those who did not receive a recommendation (61.9%) (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.12). Report of a provider recommendation was associated with concern about COVID-19 (aPR = 1.31), belief that COVID-19 vaccines are important to protect oneself (aPR = 1.15), belief that COVID-19 vaccination was very or completely safe (aPR = 1.17), and perception that many or all of their family and friends had received COVID-19 vaccination (aPR = 1.19). Empowering health care providers to recommend vaccination to their patients could help reinforce confidence in, and increase coverage with, COVID-19 vaccines, particularly among groups known to have lower COVID-19 vaccination coverage, including younger adults, racial/ethnic minorities, and rural residents.